Prof. Dr. Muhammed Kurulay gave a plenary session titled “The Mathematical Background of Artificial Intelligence and Disease Diagnosis from Medical Imaging” at ICMAM'25 in Algeria On December 15–16, 2025, Prof. Dr. Muhammed Kurulay, a faculty member from the Department of Mathematical Engineering at Istanbul Technical University (ITU), gave a plenary talk at the 2nd International Conference Mohand Moussaoui on Applied Mathematics and Modeling (ICMAM'25), which was held at the University of 8 Mai 1945 in Guelma, Algeria. The mathematical foundations of artificial intelligence are the fundamental elements that enable both theoretical understanding and practical success of this technology. In this presentation, the core roles of linear algebra in data representation, calculus in learning processes, and probability theory in decision-making under uncertainty were explored to establish the balance between model complexity and performance. A concrete application of these disciplines was demonstrated through a machine learning model capable of diagnosing abnormalities in frontal chest X-rays. Trained using calculus-based optimization and processing image data with linear algebra, the model effectively measures diagnostic uncertainty, serving as a reliable decision-support tool for healthcare professionals. The study highlighted that artificial intelligence is fundamentally built on mathematical principles and cannot be fully understood or developed without them, clearly demonstrating the close relationship between AI and mathematics.